{"id":6547,"date":"2024-01-07T15:00:32","date_gmt":"2024-01-07T14:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.servomotorsadjust.com\/?p=6547"},"modified":"2024-02-05T05:25:50","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T04:25:50","slug":"absolute-encoder-incremental-encoder","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.servomotorsadjust.com\/en\/absolute-encoder-incremental-encoder\/","title":{"rendered":"Encoders: What they are, types and examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><h2>\u00bfWhat is an encoder?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Encoders<\/strong> are sensors that generate digital signals in response to movement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are available in two types:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one that responds to rotation, <\/span><\/li>\n<li>the other to linear movement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When used in conjunction with mechanical devices such as gears, gauge wheels, or motor shafts, they can be used to measure linear motion, speed, and position. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encoders are available with different types of outputs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Incremental encoders<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which generate pulses while moving, are used to measure velocity or position trajectory. <\/span><br \/>\n<b>Absolute encoders <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that generate digital multi-bits, which directly indicate its current position<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encoders can be used in a wide variety of applications. They act as feedback transducers for speed control in motors, as sensors for measurement, shear and position. Also as input for speed and range controls.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Encoder Examples<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Let\u2019s look at some examples: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Door control device<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Robotics<\/li>\n<li>Demolition lens machines<\/li>\n<li>Plotter<\/li>\n<li>Testing machines<\/li>\n<li>Ultrasonic welding<\/li>\n<li>Converting machinery<\/li>\n<li>Assembly machines<\/li>\n<li>Labeling machines<\/li>\n<li>X \/ y indication<\/li>\n<li>Analysis Devices<\/li>\n<li>Drilling machines<\/li>\n<li>Mixing machines<\/li>\n<li>Medical equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[vc_single_image image=&#8221;1634&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><\/div>\n<h2>Types of encoders: incremental and absolute<\/h2>\n<h3>A- Incremental encoder (incremental encoding)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incremental encoders provide a specific number of pulses equally spaced per revolution (PPR) or per inch or millimeter of linear motion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A single output <strong>channel is used<\/strong> for applications where the direction of movement is not important (unidirectional).<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Where the sense of direction is required, the <b>quadrature (bidirectional) output<\/b> is used, with two 90-degree electrical channels out of phase; the circuit determines the direction of movement based on the phase of relationship between them. This is useful for processes that can be reversed, or to maintain the net position when it is stationary or mechanically oscillating. For example, machine vibration while it is stopped could cause a unidirectional encoder to produce a pulse current that would be wrongly counted as movement. The controller would not be tricked when using the quadrature count.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quadrature signals are decoded by specialized circuits that determine the direction of movement\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">based on the phase relationship of channel A to channel B. Quadrature output allows monitoring\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of processes that can reverse direction, or that must maintain the net position when stopped or\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mechanically oscillating. Bidirectional quadrature is recommended for most positioning applications,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">speed and length.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[vc_single_image image=&#8221;5139&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An output from an<strong> incremental encoder<\/strong> indicates movement. To determine the position, its pulses must be accumulated by a counter. This count occurs only once per revolution of the shaft. The count is subject to loss during a power outage or corruption by electric transistors. When it starts, the equipment must be directed to a reference or origin position to initialize the position counters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to encoding the output, there are options as to the type of output circuit used for signal transmission. \u201cCurrent sinking\u201d, \u201ccurrent sourcing\u201d or \u201cpush-pull\u201d circuits are used when the signal does not have to travel a long distance and the environment is free from sources of electrical interference. It is important to know the type of circuit to which the encoder can be connected in order to select the appropriate output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For long distance transmission, and\/or when high levels of electrical interference are present, a differential output circuit in the driver is often the best option. This type of interface provides signals A and B plus two additional signals that are its inverse complements (180 degrees electrically displaced). It is capable of driving long transmission lines and by comparing each other&#8217;s channel and its complement, common mode interference can be canceled<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>[vc_single_image image=&#8221;5148&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><\/div><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The control system for a machine is normally protected within a metal cabinet. An encoder can be similarly housed. However, unless proper precautions are taken, the cable connecting the two can be a source of problems due to its pickup of electrical noise. This noise can result in loss or gain of signal counts, leading to incorrect data entry and loss of position<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=&#8221;5151&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Figure 4.7 shows how the introduction of two noise pulses has converted a four-pulse train into one of six pulses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the <\/span><b>advantages <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of using incremental encoders are the following:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c They are inherently digital and therefore can be easily interconnected with modern devices<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c They are inexpensive and easy to use<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c They give you a good resolution in relation to cost<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c Its differential digital output makes it more immune to noise compared to other feedback devices that provide analog signals<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the <\/span><b>disadvantages <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of using incremental encoders are the following:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c The incremental quadrature encoder (without switching signals) provides speed and position feedback, but does not provide the switching signal. Therefore the absolute position is unknown. If unit power is lost then position is lost<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c When compared to a resolution, the operating temperature range is smaller because the electronics are integrated in the encoder return. Encoders continue to operate at temperatures up to 120 \u00b0C (100 \u00b0C maximum to maintain full performance)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>B- Absolute encoder (absolute encoding)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An <strong>absolute encoder<\/strong> generates digital messages which represent the current encoder position as well as its speed and direction of movement. If the power is lost, its output will be corrected each time the power is restored. It is not necessary to go to a reference position as with incremental encoders. Electrical transistors can produce only transient data errors, usually too short to affect the dynamics of a system control.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The resolution of an absolute encoder is defined as the number of bits per output message. This output can be directly in binary or Gray code, which produces a single bit change at each step to reduce errors.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The &#8220;absolute&#8221; type produces a unique digital code for each different angle of the axis.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>[vc_single_image image=&#8221;5107&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<div class=\"last-paragraph-no-margin\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absolute <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tutorialspoint.com\/what-is-gray-code\">Gray code<\/a> encoder with 13 tracks. At the top you can see the receptacle, the switch disc and the light source. At the bottom you can see the detection element and support components.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The resolution of a SinCos encoder is dependent on the frequency of the sine wave signal and the peak-to-peak differential voltage of the encoder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As with conventional SinCos rotary encoders, a SinCos linear encoder is also available. The linear scale is attached to the frame of the magnetic support plate and the sensor head is mounted on the coil unit. This type of detection head is generally the cheapest form available in optical linear encoders.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some <\/span><b>advantages <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of SinCos encoders are as follows:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c high resolution can be achieved with interpolation within the unit<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c they are used with Comms encoders to provide incremental signals<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some <\/span><b>disadvantages <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of SinCos encoders are the following:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c absolute position is unknown; SinCos encoders are only used for speed increments and feedback position<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u279c sensitive to noise due to the analog nature of the feedback signal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12  col-xs-mobile-fullwidth\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column]<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u00bfWhat is an encoder? Encoders are sensors that generate digital signals in response to movement. They are available in two types: one that responds to rotation, the other to linear movement. When used in conjunction with mechanical devices such as gears, gauge wheels, or motor shafts, they can be used to measure linear motion, speed, and position. Encoders are available with different types of outputs: Incremental encoders, which generate pulses while moving, are used to measure velocity or position trajectory. Absolute encoders that generate digital multi-bits, which directly indicate its current position. Encoders can be used in a wide variety of applications. They act as feedback transducers for speed control in motors, as sensors for measurement, shear and position. Also as input for speed and range controls. Encoder Examples \u00a0Let\u2019s look at some examples: Door control device Robotics Demolition lens machines Plotter Testing machines Ultrasonic welding Converting machinery Assembly machines Labeling machines X \/ y indication Analysis Devices Drilling machines Mixing machines Medical equipment [vc_single_image image=\"1634\" img_size=\"full\" alignment=\"center\"] Types of encoders: incremental and absolute A- Incremental encoder (incremental encoding) Incremental encoders provide a specific number of pulses equally spaced per revolution (PPR) or per inch or millimeter of linear motion.\u00a0...","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5118,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-encoder-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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